Yes, you can add, remove, and change drop rules using GlobalNPC.ModifyNPCLoot(). The issue with doing this is that the drop rule system is complex and uses an interface, meaning that the type of an item dropped by a drop rule cannot be determined for any given rule. If you happen to know the class of the particular rule you wish to change, then you can probably just use the same method as the one you linked in the example mod to change it.
Alternatively, you could use GlobalItem.OnSpawn() and look for the spawn source EntitySource_Loot. If you find an item with the type you want dropping from the NPC you want, you could try changing it. You could, technically, call Item.SetDefaults(), but I would not recommend it. A more safe solution may be to set the stack size of the item to 0, then spawn a new item of whatever type you want.