I'm pretty sure just about ALL of the debuffs have contributed to deaths I've had, except maybe darkness. Can't say I ever died because of Darkness. I've died to fire, poison, that stupidly OP electric zap the tesla coils have... hmm... actually now that I think about it I don't think I ever died because of venom. But then pretty sure that the only things that inflict that are black recluses and you're far more likely to die outright by their attacks because they hurt so much, that the debuff isn't much of an issue.
Is it possible for a player to get frostburn? I know I've never died to that.
Broken Armor? Oh yes. I HATE Broken Armor with a passion. SO glad they nerfed that stupidly OP debuff in 1.3. Same goes for Ichor, there've been times I've got ichor'd and then slowly plucked to death by herplings, crimslimes, etc. Dunno if I woulda survived without the ichor debuff or not. I'll just assume that at least one of those times I could have.
Stoned... a couple times. Fall damage. I don't think I was ever killed while stoned without fall damage. Confused? Yeah, I can say a few times confused caused me to get hit enough that I eventually got killed. Slow, same. Usually in the dungeon when there's something else like a sniper or a paladin that I just can't get away from fast enough because of that stupidly OP slow that the casters there do.
So yeah pretty sure most of the debuffs have caused deaths in my playthroughs lol.